Skin - Wikipedia

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Nevertheless, in all of these animals there is no clear distinction of the epidermis into distinct layers, as occurs in people, with the modification in cell type being relatively progressive. The mammalian skin constantly possesses at least a stratum germinativum and stratum corneum, however the other intermediate layers found in human beings are not always appreciable.

Birds and reptiles have fairly few skin glands, although there may be a couple of structures for specific functions, such as scent-secreting cells in some reptiles, or the uropygial gland of the majority of birds.  Related Source Here  [edit] Cutaneous structures emerge from the epidermis and consist of a variety of features such as hair, feathers, claws and nails.

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The basal layer is a stem cell layer and through asymmetrical divisions, ends up being the source of skin cells throughout life. It is kept as a stem cell layer through an autocrine signal, TGF alpha, and through paracrine signaling from FGF7 (keratinocyte growth factor) produced by the dermis listed below the basal cells.

This reaction-diffusion system combines an activator, Sonic hedgehog, with an inhibitor, BMP4 or BMP2, to form clusters of cells in a regular pattern. Sonic hedgehog-expressing skin cells induce the condensation of cells in the mesoderm. The clusters of mesodermal cells signify back to the skin to form the suitable structure for that position.

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The epidermis advises the mesodermal cells to condense and then the mesoderm instructs the epidermis of what structure to make through a series of mutual inductions. Transplant experiments including frog and amphibian skins indicated that the mesodermal signals are conserved between types however the epidermal reaction is species-specific significance that the mesoderm instructs the skin of its position and the skin utilizes this details to make a particular structure. [] Functions [edit] Skin performs the following functions: Security: a physiological barrier from pathogens and damage in between the internal and external environment in physical defense.

Sensation: contains a range of nerve endings that dive to heat and cold, touch, pressure, vibration, and tissue injury (see somatosensory system and haptic perception). Thermoregulation: eccrine (sweat) glands and dilated blood vessels (increased superficial perfusion) aid heat loss, while constricted vessels significantly lower cutaneous blood circulation and save heat.